Binning and Visualizing NMR Spectra in Environmental Samples

A reproducible workflow for binning and visualizing NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectra from environmental samples. The 'nmrrr' package is intended for post-processing of NMR data, including importing, merging and, cleaning data from multiple files, visualizing NMR spectra, performing binning/integrations for compound classes, and relative abundance calculations. This package can be easily inserted into existing analysis workflows by users to help with analyzing and interpreting NMR data.

Finite Mixture Modeling for Raw and Binned Data

Performs maximum likelihood estimation for finite mixture models for families including Normal, Weibull, Gamma and Lognormal by using EM algorithm, together with Newton-Raphson algorithm or bisection method when necessary. It also conducts mixture model selection by using information criteria or bootstrap likelihood ratio test. The data used for mixture model fitting can be raw data or binned data. The model fitting process is accelerated by using R package 'Rcpp'.

Estimation of Hawkes Processes from Binned Observations

Implements an estimation method for Hawkes processes when count data are only observed in discrete time, using a spectral approach derived from the Bartlett spectrum, see Cheysson and Lang (2020) . Some general use functions for Hawkes processes are also included: simulation of (in)homogeneous Hawkes process, maximum likelihood estimation, residual analysis, etc.

Supervised Weight of Evidence Binning of Numeric Variables and Factors

Implements an automated binning of numeric variables and factors with respect to a dichotomous target variable. Two approaches are provided: An implementation of fine and coarse classing that merges granular classes and levels step by step. And a tree-like approach that iteratively segments the initial bins via binary splits. Both procedures merge, respectively split, bins based on similar weight of evidence (WOE) values and stop via an information value (IV) based criteria. The package can be used with single variables or an entire data frame. It provides flexible tools for exploring different binning solutions and for deploying them to (new) data.

Bayesian BIN (Bias, Information, Noise) Model of Forecasting

A recently proposed Bayesian BIN model disentangles the underlying processes that enable forecasters and forecasting methods to improve, decomposing forecasting accuracy into three components: bias, partial information, and noise. By describing the differences between two groups of forecasters, the model allows the user to carry out useful inference, such as calculating the posterior probabilities of the treatment reducing bias, diminishing noise, or increasing information. It also provides insight into how much tamping down bias and noise in judgment or enhancing the efficient extraction of valid information from the environment improves forecasting accuracy. This package provides easy access to the BIN model. For further information refer to the paper Ville A. Satopää, Marat Salikhov, Philip E. Tetlock, and Barbara Mellers (2021) "Bias, Information, Noise: The BIN Model of Forecasting" .

Infer Community Assembly Mechanisms by Phylogenetic-Bin-Based Null Model Analysis

To implement a general framework to quantitatively infer Community Assembly Mechanisms by Phylogenetic-bin-based null model analysis, abbreviated as 'iCAMP' (Ning et al 2020) . It can quantitatively assess the relative importance of different community assembly processes, such as selection, dispersal, and drift, for both communities and each phylogenetic group ('bin'). Each bin usually consists of different taxa from a family or an order. The package also provides functions to implement some other published methods, including neutral taxa percentage (Burns et al 2016) based on neutral theory model and quantifying assembly processes based on entire-community null models ('QPEN', Stegen et al 2013) . It also includes some handy functions, particularly for big datasets, such as phylogenetic and taxonomic null model analysis at both community and bin levels, between-taxa niche difference and phylogenetic distance calculation, phylogenetic signal test within phylogenetic groups, midpoint root of big trees, etc. Version 1.3.x mainly improved the function for 'QPEN' and added function 'icamp.cate()' to summarize 'iCAMP' results for different categories of taxa (e.g. core versus rare taxa).

Penalized Composite Link Model for Efficient Estimation of Smooth Distributions from Coarsely Binned Data

Versatile method for ungrouping histograms (binned count data) assuming that counts are Poisson distributed and that the underlying sequence on a fine grid to be estimated is smooth. The method is based on the composite link model and estimation is achieved by maximizing a penalized likelihood. Smooth detailed sequences of counts and rates are so estimated from the binned counts. Ungrouping binned data can be desirable for many reasons: Bins can be too coarse to allow for accurate analysis; comparisons can be hindered when different grouping approaches are used in different histograms; and the last interval is often wide and open-ended and, thus, covers a lot of information in the tail area. Age-at-death distributions grouped in age classes and abridged life tables are examples of binned data. Because of modest assumptions, the approach is suitable for many demographic and epidemiological applications. For a detailed description of the method and applications see Rizzi et al. (2015) .

Cut Numeric Values into Evenly Distributed Groups

Implementation of algorithms for cutting numerical values exhibiting a potentially highly skewed distribution into evenly distributed groups (bins). This functionality can be applied for binning discrete values, such as counts, as well as for discretization of continuous values, for example, during generation of features used in machine learning algorithms.

Global Adaptive Generative Adjustment Algorithm for Generalized Linear Models

Fits linear regression, logistic and multinomial regression models, Poisson regression, Cox model via Global Adaptive Generative Adjustment Algorithm. For more detailed information, see Bin Wang, Xiaofei Wang and Jianhua Guo (2022) . This paper provides the theoretical properties of Gaga linear model when the load matrix is orthogonal. Further study is going on for the nonorthogonal cases and generalized linear models. These works are in part supported by the National Natural Foundation of China (No.12171076).

Create United States Uniform Cartogram Heatmaps

The 'cartogram' heatmaps generated by the included methods are an alternative to choropleth maps for the United States and are based on work by the Washington Post graphics department in their report on "The states most threatened by trade" (< http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/business/states-most-threatened-by-trade/>). "State bins" preserve as much of the geographic placement of the states as possible but have the look and feel of a traditional heatmap. Functions are provided that allow for use of a binned, discrete scale, a continuous scale or manually specified colors depending on what is needed for the underlying data.