Fit Structural Equation Models to Multiply Imputed Data

The primary purpose of 'lavaan.mi' is to extend the functionality of the R package 'lavaan', which implements structural equation modeling (SEM). When incomplete data have been multiply imputed, the imputed data sets can be analyzed by 'lavaan' using complete-data estimation methods, but results must be pooled across imputations (Rubin, 1987, ). The 'lavaan.mi' package automates the pooling of point and standard-error estimates, as well as a variety of test statistics, using a familiar interface that allows users to fit an SEM to multiple imputations as they would to a single data set using the 'lavaan' package.

Detection of Univariate Outliers

Provides well-known techniques for detecting univariate outliers. Methods for handling skewed distributions are included. The Hidiroglou-Berthelot (1986) method for detecting outliers in ratios of historical data is also implemented. When available, survey weights can be incorporated in the detection process.

Improved Predictors

Improved predictive models by indirect classification and bagging for classification, regression and survival problems as well as resampling based estimators of prediction error.

Generalized Estimation Equation Solver

Generalized Estimation Equation solver.

Parametric Mortality Models, Life Tables and HMD

Fit the most popular human mortality 'laws', and construct full and abridge life tables given various input indices. A mortality law is a parametric function that describes the dying-out process of individuals in a population during a significant portion of their life spans. For a comprehensive review of the most important mortality laws see Tabeau (2001) . Practical functions for downloading data from various human mortality databases are provided as well.

Thematic Maps

Thematic maps are geographical maps in which spatial data distributions are visualized. This package offers a flexible, layer-based, and easy to use approach to create thematic maps, such as choropleths and bubble maps.

Integrating Phylogenies and Ecology

Functions for phylocom integration, community analyses, null-models, traits and evolution. Implements numerous ecophylogenetic approaches including measures of community phylogenetic and trait diversity, phylogenetic signal, estimation of trait values for unobserved taxa, null models for community and phylogeny randomizations, and utility functions for data input/output and phylogeny plotting. A full description of package functionality and methods are provided by Kembel et al. (2010) .

Statistical Methods for Analytical Method Comparison and Validation

Provides statistical methods for analytical method comparison and validation studies. Implements Bland-Altman analysis for assessing agreement between measurement methods (Bland & Altman (1986) ), Passing-Bablok regression for non-parametric method comparison (Passing & Bablok (1983) ), and Deming regression accounting for measurement error in both variables (Linnet (1993) ). Also includes tools for setting quality goals based on biological variation (Fraser & Petersen (1993) ) and calculating Six Sigma metrics, precision experiments with variance component analysis, precision profiles for functional sensitivity estimation (Kroll & Emancipator (1993) < https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8448849/>). Commonly used in clinical laboratory method validation. Provides publication-ready plots and comprehensive statistical summaries.

Robust Data-Driven Statistical Inference in Regression-Discontinuity Designs

Regression-discontinuity (RD) designs are quasi-experimental research designs popular in social, behavioral and natural sciences. The RD design is usually employed to study the (local) causal effect of a treatment, intervention or policy. This package provides tools for data-driven graphical and analytical statistical inference in RD designs: rdrobust() to construct local-polynomial point estimators and robust confidence intervals for average treatment effects at the cutoff in Sharp, Fuzzy and Kink RD settings, rdbwselect() to perform bandwidth selection for the different procedures implemented, and rdplot() to conduct exploratory data analysis (RD plots).

D-Score for Child Development

The D-score summarizes a child's performance on developmental milestones into a single number. Its key feature is its generic nature. The method does not depend on a specific measurement instrument. The statistical method underlying the D-score is described in van Buuren et al. (2025) . This package implements model keys to convert milestone scores to D-scores; maps instrument-specific item names to a generic 9-position naming convention; computes D-scores and their precision from a child's milestone scores; and converts D-scores to Development-for-Age Z-scores (DAZ) using age-conditional reference standards.