Bindings for the 'Geospatial' Data Abstraction Library

Provides bindings to the 'Geospatial' Data Abstraction Library ('GDAL') (>= 1.11.4) and access to projection/transformation operations from the 'PROJ' library. Please note that 'rgdal' will be retired by the end of 2023, plan transition to sf/stars/'terra' functions using 'GDAL' and 'PROJ' at your earliest convenience. Use is made of classes defined in the 'sp' package. Raster and vector map data can be imported into R, and raster and vector 'sp' objects exported. The 'GDAL' and 'PROJ' libraries are external to the package, and, when installing the package from source, must be correctly installed first; it is important that 'GDAL' < 3 be matched with 'PROJ' < 6. From 'rgdal' 1.5-8, installed with to 'GDAL' >=3, 'PROJ' >=6 and 'sp' >= 1.4, coordinate reference systems use 'WKT2_2019' strings, not 'PROJ' strings. 'Windows' and 'macOS' binaries (including 'GDAL', 'PROJ' and their dependencies) are provided on 'CRAN'.

Interface to Geometry Engine - Open Source ('GEOS')

Interface to Geometry Engine - Open Source ('GEOS') using the C 'API' for topology operations on geometries. Please note that 'rgeos' will be retired by the end of 2023, plan transition to sf functions using 'GEOS' at your earliest convenience. The 'GEOS' library is external to the package, and, when installing the package from source, must be correctly installed first. Windows and Mac Intel OS X binaries are provided on 'CRAN'. ('rgeos' >= 0.5-1): Up to and including 'GEOS' 3.7.1, topological operations succeeded with some invalid geometries for which the same operations fail from and including 'GEOS' 3.7.2. The 'checkValidity=' argument defaults and structure have been changed, from default FALSE to integer default '0L' for 'GEOS' < 3.7.2 (no check), '1L' 'GEOS' >= 3.7.2 (check and warn). A value of '2L' is also provided that may be used, assigned globally using 'set_RGEOS_CheckValidity(2L)', or locally using the 'checkValidity=2L' argument, to attempt zero-width buffer repair if invalid geometries are found. The previous default (FALSE, now '0L') is fastest and used for 'GEOS' < 3.7.2, but will not warn users of possible problems before the failure of topological operations that previously succeeded. From 'GEOS' 3.8.0, repair of geometries may also be attempted using 'gMakeValid()', which may, however, return a collection of geometries of different types.

Tools for Handling Spatial Objects

Please note that 'maptools' will be retired by the end of 2023, plan transition at your earliest convenience; some functionality will be moved to 'sp'. Set of tools for manipulating geographic data. It includes binary access to 'GSHHG' shoreline files. The package also provides interface wrappers for exchanging spatial objects with packages such as 'PBSmapping', 'spatstat.geom', 'maps', and others.

Spatial Dependence: Weighting Schemes, Statistics

A collection of functions to create spatial weights matrix objects from polygon 'contiguities', from point patterns by distance and tessellations, for summarizing these objects, and for permitting their use in spatial data analysis, including regional aggregation by minimum spanning tree; a collection of tests for spatial 'autocorrelation', including global 'Morans I' and 'Gearys C' proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN: 0850860369) and (1981, ISBN: 0850860814), 'Hubert/Mantel' general cross product statistic, Empirical Bayes estimates and 'Assunção/Reis' (1999) Index, 'Getis/Ord' G ('Getis' and 'Ord' 1992) and multicoloured join count statistics, 'APLE' ('Li 'et al.' ) , local 'Moran's I', 'Gearys C' ('Anselin' 1995) and 'Getis/Ord' G ('Ord' and 'Getis' 1995) , 'saddlepoint' approximations ('Tiefelsdorf' 2002) and exact tests for global and local 'Moran's I' ('Bivand et al.' 2009) and 'LOSH' local indicators of spatial heteroscedasticity ('Ord' and 'Getis') . The implementation of most of the measures is described in 'Bivand' and 'Wong' (2018) , with further extensions in 'Bivand' (2022) . From 'spdep' and 'spatialreg' versions >= 1.2-1, the model fitting functions previously present in this package are defunct in 'spdep' and may be found in 'spatialreg'.

Classes and Methods for Spatial Data

Classes and methods for spatial data; the classes document where the spatial location information resides, for 2D or 3D data. Utility functions are provided, e.g. for plotting data as maps, spatial selection, as well as methods for retrieving coordinates, for subsetting, print, summary, etc.

Spatial and Space-Time Point Pattern Analysis

The Splancs package was written as an enhancement to S-Plus for display and analysis of spatial point pattern data; it has been ported to R and is in "maintenance mode".

Choose Univariate Class Intervals

Selected commonly used methods for choosing univariate class intervals for mapping or other graphics purposes.

Simple Features for R

Support for simple features, a standardized way to encode spatial vector data. Binds to 'GDAL' for reading and writing data, to 'GEOS' for geometrical operations, and to 'PROJ' for projection conversions and datum transformations. Uses by default the 's2' package for spherical geometry operations on ellipsoidal (long/lat) coordinates.

Spatial Regression Analysis

A collection of all the estimation functions for spatial cross-sectional models (on lattice/areal data using spatial weights matrices) contained up to now in 'spdep', 'sphet' and 'spse'. These model fitting functions include maximum likelihood methods for cross-sectional models proposed by 'Cliff' and 'Ord' (1973, ISBN:0850860369) and (1981, ISBN:0850860814), fitting methods initially described by 'Ord' (1975) . The models are further described by 'Anselin' (1988) . Spatial two stage least squares and spatial general method of moment models initially proposed by 'Kelejian' and 'Prucha' (1998) and (1999) are provided. Impact methods and MCMC fitting methods proposed by 'LeSage' and 'Pace' (2009) are implemented for the family of cross-sectional spatial regression models. Methods for fitting the log determinant term in maximum likelihood and MCMC fitting are compared by 'Bivand et al.' (2013) , and model fitting methods by 'Bivand' and 'Piras' (2015) ; both of these articles include extensive lists of references. 'spatialreg' >= 1.1-* corresponded to 'spdep' >= 1.1-1, in which the model fitting functions were deprecated and passed through to 'spatialreg', but masked those in 'spatialreg'. From versions 1.2-*, the functions have been made defunct in 'spdep'.

Interpolation Methods

Bivariate data interpolation on regular and irregular grids, either linear or using splines are the main part of this package. It is intended to provide FOSS replacement functions for the ACM licensed akima::interp and tripack::tri.mesh functions. Linear interpolation is implemented in interp::interp(..., method="linear"), this corresponds to the call akima::interp(..., linear=TRUE) which is the default setting and covers most of akima::interp use cases in depending packages. A re-implementation of Akimas irregular grid spline interpolation (akima::interp(..., linear=FALSE)) is now also available via interp::interp(..., method="akima"). Estimators for partial derivatives are now also available in interp::locpoly(), these are a prerequisite for the spline interpolation. The basic part is a GPLed triangulation algorithm (sweep hull algorithm by David Sinclair) providing the starting point for the irregular grid interpolator. As side effect this algorithm is also used to provide replacements for almost all functions of the tripack package which also suffers from the same ACM license restrictions. All functions are designed to be backward compatible with their akima / tripack counterparts.